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DEEP & FAR

 

 

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I. ²¤¶

Promoting environmentally friendly innovation has become a key priority in national and international environmental policy.±À°ÊÀô«O³Ð·s¤w¦¨¬°°ê®a©M°ê»ÚÀô¹Ò¬Fµ¦ªº¤@¶µ­«ÂI¡C´¼¼z°]Intellectual property (IP) regimes, particularly patent laws, are perhaps the most important of the regulatory vehicles that promote technological innovation.²£Åv¡]IP¡^¨î«×¡A¤×¨ä¬O±M§Qªk¡A¤]³\¬O±À¶i§Þ³N³Ð·s³Ì­«­nªººÊºÞ¤u¨ã¡CFor this reason, a number of national IP offices have instituted measures to fast-track ¡§green¡¨ patent applications.¥X©ó³o­Ó­ì¦]¡A¤@¨Ç°ê®a´¼¼z°]²£§½¤w¸g¨î©w§Ö³t¹D¸ô¡§ºñ¯à¡¨±M§Q¥Ó½Ð®×ªº±¹¬I¡CThe first such program was established by the UK in May 2009, followed in the same year by Australia, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and the United States.²Ä¤@­Ó³o¼Ëªº­pµe¬O¥Ñ­^°ê¦b2009¦~5¤ë«Ø¥ß¡Aºò±µµÛ¦b¦P¦~¥Ñ¿D¬w¡B¥H¦â¦C¡B¤é¥»¡B«nÁú©M¬ü°ê«Ø¥ß¡CMore recently, Canada (in March 2011) and Brazil and China (in 2012) launched similar programs.³Ìªñ¡A¥[®³¤j¡]2011¦~3¤ë¡^¥H¤Î¤Ú¦è©M¤¤°ê¡]2012¦~¡^±À¥X¤FÃþ¦üªº­p¹º¡CUnder these programs, the time needed to obtain a patent can be reduced significantly-from several years to just a few months.®Ú¾Ú³o¨Ç­pµe¡AÀò±o±M§Q©Ò»Ýªº®É¶¡¥i³QÅãµÛ´î¤Ö¢w±q´X¦~¨ìµuµu´X­Ó¤ë¡C

This article presents the main findings of two papers recently published by the authors about green patent fast-track programs.¥»¤å§e²{¤F³Ìªñ¥Ñºñ¯à±M§Qªº§Ö³t¹D¸ô­pµeªº​​§@ªÌµoªíªº¨â½g½×¤åªº¥D­nµ²½×¡C¥Ñ°ê»Ú¶T©ö©M¥i«ùÄòµo®i¤¤¤ß¡]ICTSD¡^¥Xª©ªºThe first study (Dechezlepretre, 2013), published by the International Centre for trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), provides the first empirical analysis of these fast-track procedures, based on data from Australia, Canadam Israel, Japan, South Korea, the UK, and the United States.²Ä¤@¶µ¬ã¨s¡]Dechezleprêtre¡A2013¦~¡^¡A°ò©ó¨Ó¦Û¿D¬w¡B¥[®³¤j¡B¥H¦â¦C¡B¤é¥»¡B«nÁú¡B­^°ê©M¬ü°êªº¸ê®Æ¡A´£¨Ñ¤F³o¨Ç§Ö³t¹D¸ô¼f¬dªº²Ä¤@​​¹êÃÒ¤ÀªR¡CThe second paper (Lane, 2012), published in the Berkeley Technology Law Journal (BTLJ), analyzes the rules governing the various program in term of eligibility requirements and process parameters and recommends that the programs be harmonized to make their rules uniform across all national IP offices.²Ä¤G½g½×¤å¡]Lane¡A2012¡^¡Aµoªí¦b§B§J§Q¬ì§Þªk«ßÂø»x¡]Berkeley Technology Law Journal¡ABTLJ¡^¡A¥H¾A®æ©Ê­n¨D©Mµ{§Ç°Ñ¼Æ¨Ó¤ÀªR³W½d¦UºØ¤è®×ªºªk³W¡A¨Ã«Øij¹ï­pµe¶i¦æ¨ó½Õ¡A¥H¨Ï¥¦­Ìªº³W«h¦b©Ò¦³°ê®aªº´¼¼z°]²£§½²Î¤@¡C

 

II.II. ­pµeOverview of the Programs·§­z

¬°¤F§¹¥þ¤FTo best understand and analyze the programs, it is helpful to separate out the two major categories of program rules: eligibility requirements and process requirements.¸Ñ©M¤ÀªR­pµe¡A¤À¥X¨â¤jÃþªº­pµe³W©w¬O¦³À°§Uªº¡G¾A®æ©Ê­n¨D©Mµ{§Ç­n¨D¡C

 

A. Eligibility requirementsA.¾A®æ©Ê­n¨D

    ¾AEligibility requirements determine which patent applications may participate in the fast-track programs.®æ­n¨D¨M©w­þ¨Ç±M§Q¥Ó½Ð®×¥i¥H°Ñ»P§Ö³t¹D¸ô­pµe¡CIn particular, subject-matter eligibility defines the categories of green technology that qualify for accelerated examination.¯S§O¬O¡A¼Ðªº¾A®æ©Ê©w¸q¤F¦³¸ê®æÀò±o¥[³t¼f¬dªººñ¦â¬ì§ÞªºÃþ§O¡C¥i½Ð¨DThe type of technology for which accelerated examination can be requested differs widely across patent offices.¦¹¥[³t¼f¬dªº§Þ³NÃþ«¬¡A¦b¤£¦P±M§Q§½¤§¶¡¦³«Ü¤j®t²§¡CIn Australia, Canada, and the UK, all environmentally friendly inventions are eligible.¦b¿D¬w¡B¥[®³¤j©M­^°ê¡A©Ò¦³ªºÀô«Oµo©ú³£¬O¾A®æªº¡CThe applicant must submit a letter explaining why the invention has environmental benefits.¥Ó½Ð¤H¥²¶·§e°e¤@«Ê«H¡A¸ÑÄÀ¬°¤°»ò¸Óµo©ú¹ïÀô¹Ò¦³¯q¡CHowever, Brazil, China, Japan, and the United States place some restrictions on the technologies permitted.µM¦Ó¡A¤Ú¦è¡B¤¤°ê¡B¤é¥»©M¬ü°ê¹ï³\¥iªº¬ì§Þ¦³¤@¨Ç­­¨î¡CFor example, only energy-saving and carbon-saving technologies are allowed in Japan.¨Ò¦p¡A¦b¤é¥»¥u¦³¸`¯à©M´îºÒ§Þ³N¥i³Q¤¹³\¡C«nSouth Korea has the most stringent requirements, including a framework of specific enumerated technology classes.Áú¾Ö¦³³ÌÄY®æªº­n¨D¡A¥]¬A¨ãÅé¦CÁ|ªº§Þ³NÃþªº®Ø¬[¡CIn South Korea, technologies (in particular renewable energy) generally are eligible only if the invention is funded or accredited by the government or given ¡§green certification¡¨ by relevant government environmental laws.¦b«nÁú¡A§Þ³N¡]¤×¨ä¬O¥i¦A¥Í¯à·½¡^¡A³q±`¥u¦³·íµo©ú¥Ñ¬F©²¸ê§U©Î»{¥i¡B©Î¨ã¦³¬ÛÃö¬F©²Àô«Oªk«ß½á¤©ªº¡§ºñ¦â»{ÃÒ¡¨ ®É¤~¦³¸ê®æ¡CThe Israeli program also defines subject matter eligibility by strictly enumerated technology classes, although it does not have a funding or certification requirement.¥H¦â¦C­pµeÁöµM¥¦¤£¨ã¦³Äw¸ê©Î»{ÃÒ­n¨D¡A¦ý¤]¥HÄY®æ¦CÁ|ªº§Þ³NÃþ§O©w¸q¼Ðªº¾A®æ©Ê¡C